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For a complete list of office holders, see List of Prime Ministers of Japan.
Prime Minister of Japan
Official Emblem of the Prime Minister of JapanResidence Sori Kotei Appointer The Diet and the Emperor Term length General elections are held every five years, but may be held sooner. The Prime Minister is, by convention, the leader of the victorious party. No term limits are imposed on the office. Inaugural holder Itō Hirobumi Formation 22 December 1885 Website www.kantei.go.jp
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The Prime Minister of Japan (内閣総理大臣 Naikaku sōri daijin) is the usual English-language term used for the head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Minister for the general administration of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members, and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State. Yukio Hatoyama has been prime minister since 16 September 2009.
The office was created in 1885, four years before the enactment of the Meiji Constitution. It took its current form with the adoption of the current constitution in 1947.
Contents
Appointment
The Prime Minister is designated by both houses of the Diet, before the conduct of any other business. For that purpose, each conducts a ballot under the run-off system. If the two houses choose different individuals, then a joint committee of both houses is appointed to agree on a common candidate. Ultimately, however, if the two houses do not agree within ten days, the decision of the House of Representatives is deemed to be that of the Diet. Therefore, the House of Representatives can theoretically ensure the appointment of any Prime Minister it wishes.[1] The candidate is then formally appointed to office by the Emperor.[2]
The Prime Minister must resign if the House of Representatives adopts a motion of no confidence or defeats a vote of confidence, unless the House of Representatives is dissolved within ten days.[3]
Qualifications
- Must be a member of either house of the Diet. (This implies a minimum age of 25 and a Japanese nationality requirement.)
- Must be a "civilian." This excludes members of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, as well as any former member of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy who is strongly connected to militarist thought. Note that former military officers from the World War II era may be appointed prime minister despite the "civilian" requirement, Yasuhiro Nakasone being one prominent example.
Role
Constitutional roles
- Exercises "control and supervision" over the entire executive branch.[4]
- Presents bills to the Diet on behalf of the Cabinet.[5]
- Signs laws and Cabinet orders (along with other members of the Cabinet).[6]
- Appoints all Cabinet ministers, and can dismiss them at any time.[7]
- May permit legal action to be taken against Cabinet ministers.[8]
- Must make reports on domestic and foreign relations to the Diet.[5]
- Must report to the Diet upon demand to provide answers or explanations.[9]
Statutory roles
- Presides over meetings of the Cabinet.[10]
- Commander in chief of the Japan Self-Defense Forces.[11]
- May override a court injunction against an administrative act upon showing of cause.[12]
Insignia
Standard of Prime Minister
Crest for the Prime Minister
History
After the Meiji Restoration, the Daijō-kan system, which was used in the Nara period, was adopted as the Japanese government entity. Political powers of their leader, Daijō Daijin and his aides, Sadaijin and Nadaijin were ambiguous and frequently conflicted with other positions such as Sangi. In the 1880s, Itō Hirobumi, then one of Sangi, started to examine the reformation of the governmental organization. In 1882, Ito and his staff, Ito Miyoji and Saionji Kinmochi, traveled to Europe and investigated constitutions in constitutional monarchies, the British Empire and the German Empire. After his return to Japan, Ito urged the need of a Constitution and a modern governmental system and persuaded conservatives to approve his plan.
On 22 December 1885, in the Daijō-kan order No. 69, abolition of Daijō-kan and the induction of the Prime Minister (内閣総理大臣) and his cabinet were published.
Official office and residence
Kantei, the official residence of the Prime MinisterThe Office of the Prime Minister of Japan is called the Kantei (官邸). The original Kantei served from 1929 until 2002. A new building was inaugurated at this time and now serves as the new Kantei.[13] The old Kantei was then converted to the new official residence, or Kōtei (公邸).[14]
Living former Prime Ministers
There are ten living former prime ministers of Japan. The most recently-serving prime minister to die was Ryutaro Hashimoto (1996-1998), on July 1, 2006. The most recent prime minister to die was Kiichi Miyazawa (1991-1993), on June 28, 2007.
Name Term of office Date of birth Yasuhiro Nakasone 1982-1987 May 27, 1918 Toshiki Kaifu 1989-1991 January 2, 1931 Morihiro Hosokawa 1993-1994 January 14, 1938 Tsutomu Hata 1994 August 24, 1935 Tomiichi Murayama 1994-1996 March 3, 1924 Yoshirō Mori 2000-2001 July 14, 1937 Junichiro Koizumi 2001-2006 January 8, 1942 Shinzō Abe 2006-2007 September 21, 1954 Yasuo Fukuda 2007-2008 July 16, 1936 Taro Aso 2008-2009 September 20, 1940 See also
- List of Prime Ministers of Japan
- Politics of Japan
- History of Japan
- Cabinet of Japan
- Parliamentary system
References
- ^ Article 67 of the Constitution of Japan
- ^ Article 6 of the Constitution of Japan
- ^ Article 69 of the Constitution of Japan
- ^ Article 5 of the Constitution of Japan
- ^ a b Article 72 of the Constitution of Japan
- ^ Article 74 of the Constitution of Japan
- ^ Article 68 of the Constitution of Japan
- ^ Article 75 of the Constitution of Japan
- ^ Article 63 of the Constitution of Japan
- ^ Cabinet Act, article 4
- ^ Self-Defense Forces Act of 1954
- ^ Administrative Litigation Act, article 27
- ^ Nakata, Hiroko (2007-03-06). "The prime minister's official hub". The Japan Times Online (The Japan Times). http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070306i1.html. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
- ^ "A virtual tour of the former Kantei - Annex etc. - The Residential Area". Prime Minister of Japan. http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/vt2/main/07/photo-koutei01.html. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Prime ministers of Japan
- Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official website
- List of Japanese cabinets 1885 to 1989 (Japanese)
H. Itō · Kuroda · Sanjō · Yamagata · Matsukata · H. Itō · Kuroda · Matsukata · H. Itō · Ōkuma · Yamagata · H. Itō · Saionji · Katsura · Saionji · Katsura · Saionji · Katsura · Yamamoto · Ōkuma · Terauchi · Hara · Uchida · Takahashi · To. Katō · Uchida · Yamamoto · Kiyoura · Ta. Katō · Wakatsuki · G. Tanaka · Hamaguchi · Shidehara · Hamaguchi · Wakatsuki · Inukai · Takahashi · Saitō · Okada · Gotō · Okada · Hirota · Hayashi · Konoe · Hiranuma · N. Abe · Yonai · Konoe · Tōjō · Koiso · K. Suzuki · Higashikuni · Shidehara · Yoshida · Katayama · Ashida · Yoshida · I. Hatoyama · Ishibashi · Kishi · Ikeda · Satō · K. Tanaka · Miki · T. Fukuda · Ōhira · M. Itō · Z. Suzuki · Nakasone · Takeshita · Uno · Kaifu · Miyazawa · Hosokawa · Hata · Murayama · Hashimoto · Obuchi · Aoki · Mori · Koizumi · S. Abe · Y. Fukuda · Aso · Y. Hatoyama
Italics denote acting Prime Ministers
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